Altium plays very poorly with Intel graphics. Sometimes it works, sometimes it's just terrifically slow, sometimes it doesn't work at all.
It also doesn't work with remote desktop, at least the Windows variety, if that matters any here.
It looks like you are having a 2D/3D (DirectX) graphical problem. No amount of updating from schematics will make it work. Completely different subsystem.
Also try pressing 1, 2 or 3 (in the graphics view area). These set Layer Stack Region view, 2D view and 3D view, respectively.
Probably no difference, though.
Tim