Wow! As I scrolled down the topic on my smartphone your picture was shown full-screen and I nearly got an heart attack
Very good photo by the way
You're right, the range dutyrange of the 555 circuit will between 5% to 95%. I used a potentiometer with a build in rotaryswitch to switch the lamp completly off. Like this one:
You can certanly use a Arduino for PWM generation
Simple connect a potentiometer (voltage divider configuration) to a ADC pin of the Arduino and set the PWM out according to the ADC value.
But take care when selecting the MOSFETs, for example the IRFZ 14 seems to be big enough with I_DS_Max = 10A. BUT if you look to the "typical output characteristics", you will see this FET can only drive at VGS = 5V (output voltage of an arduino pin) at a VDS = 0.3V (RDS_on = 0.2 Ohms * 1.5A (I_DS)) a maximum current of 1A. -> Would be a bad choice
Better: IRFZ44ZPbF with an I_DS_Max = 51A seems much to big, but has much better specs than the IRFZ 14.
It's only an advice to be on the safe side