Thanks for the replies! I think I understand how arc welding works.
Be aware only one reply has stated the correct facts of how an arc is maintained.
With MMA (welding rods) the arc is maintained in an inert atmosphere produced by vaporising the flux coating which contains various additives to help start and maintain the arc, try welding after removing the flux coat or with a piece of plain wire as modern welding rods have additives in the alloy as well to help make the rod run smoother.
The sheiding of the arc and weld pool is of the utmost importance for good welds.
Try welding outside in a strong wind and you will find out.
This is when Mig is useless.
To confuse matters more there are different types of electrode construction for AC, DC straight (electrode Negative) and DC reverse (electrode Positive).
Droplet transfer is improved when welding with DC straight as it mimicks electron flow. (- to +)
Then there are rods optimised for some welding positions and techniques. (Vertical uphand or downhand, Overhead, Cutting, Stove pipe, Overlays etc)
Plus the myriad of different metal types that can be welded.
But none of this is any different to safe practice with anything electrical......
Avoid wet conditions
Wear insulating footwear
Heavy Gloves can be useful for changing rods with a welder that bites (some do, especially high OC voltage models)
Work technique that mimimises the chance of electrical shock. (Methodology)
These days full body cover is the accepted norm when welding, on some sites electricians must cover up too.
I'd say take note of these modern workplace practises to keep yourself safe.