For what specific function the capacitors and inductors are used exactly?

[electrowhiz]

The three basic components are resistors,capacitors, inductors . Resistors are used to limit the current. Capacitors and inductors are used to store the energy in terms of electric and magnetic field. Where exactly these properties  of capacitors and inductors are used?

[BNElecEng]

Capacitors and inductors have many uses. It would be very difficult to list them all here. One example is as a filter on the output of a switch mode power supply. Another example is their use in opamp circuits to create a differentiator or integrator function.

I recommend you look up these circuits and you will learn a lot.