Hello,
Questions like this get deep into the nuances of theory vs the practical.
In theory, using an ideal voltage source, you can charge a capacitor up in zero time but it requires an infinite current. What that amounts to is what is called an "impulse". An impulse is allowed in theory, but in practice it is hard to generate and harder to use.
In some cases a voltage impulse is used, and in theory that should be an infinitely high amplitude voltage pulse that lasts for zero seconds, but in practice a 1000v pulse of finite but short duration may be used if it is compatible with the equipment. That gives the user some idea what the impulse response is.
In theory, we use a source that is simply called an impulse, and strangely enough that also has a magnitude associated with it.
The definition of an impulse is based on an area and im not sure if you want to get into this right now but in short it is a pulse signal that has an area of 1 as the pulse width approaches zero, which means the amplitude approaches infinity.
Charging a cap with a power supply though means the power supply has to be current limited, and that current should not exceed the rating of the capacitor. When capacitors blow out they actually can blow up like dynamite, so much caution has to be applied. Look on the data sheet to find out the recommendations from the manufacturer.