Can you suggest a through hole op amp that may fit the bill? The OPA2333 is $72 for one
Nice find, I guess? There are slightly better out there:
https://www.digikey.com/short/jznbj8Not sure why you'd be shopping by top price rather than bottom, though; or mil vs. commercial spec! (Check the temp rating column; also, just look at all the gold on those suckers!)
Better yet, if I could get some pointers on how to interpret some of the datasheets to be able to figure it out myself. Max differential voltage between the non/inverting outputs should be about 300mV,
Should it? Including feedback?
Notice the differential amplifier contains two voltage dividers, one referenced to the op-amp output. What does this do to the input voltages? What happens if you set Vout = V((in+) - (in-)) * A, then let A --> infty? (It takes a bit of substitution, but it's just algebra.)
but the common mode voltage could be as high as ~30V (assuming 30V max output from my regulator). I guess is what confuses me a bit is that my desired output is a maximum of 5V, but it appears that I need an op amp that requires a supply voltage at least a volt or two higher than the common mode voltage?
Yes, you need a common mode range near the supply, for that circuit. '324 should be fine (you get about 10% below supply, or 3V, and it needs ~2V to behave itself). Note that, because the inputs connect to voltage dividers -- you can simply choose a lower ratio divider, and get a more modest common mode range. Downside: this happens to reduce the diff amp's gain as well. Somewhere inbetween, there'll be a good compromise between output voltage range (i.e., you could have the circuit designed around a measly ~600mV current sense output range), and too little input common mode range.
And again, you can simply subtract whatever offset remains, from the other side of the circuit. What is the current sense output read by? Another op-amp. Aha! Let's add ~80mV to its other input, which, actually, they've already went ahead and done that more or less (R16), so all we need to do is adjust its value and we're done.
Tim