First it is more easy if information regarding the board and its components are available.
From this point check if the points of power supply to solder does not bypass any protection circuitry , decoupling capacitos, etc.
About brightness, since it is a USB module does it presents as a peculiar device? It may have implemented brightness control using the USB communication, either USB to RS232 TTL or some HID device.. If it is serial you could use a microcontroler to read a pot and generate the pwm, signal onto the board.