Well, firstly then you don't need nor want audio all the way up to 20 KHz, as the AM stations limits their audio bandwidth to about 5 KHz (depending on where you live). Not that a single RC filter will provide much attenuation, but worth keeping in mind.
Secondly, the 100K load resistor for the diode is a bit on the large side. I'd suggest 10K instead. When I plug 5 KHz and 10K into the first formula, I get C3 = 3.2 nF, which sounds about right.
You are right about the top of the AM band being up around 1.7 Mhz, and 150 uH should work for L1. Your result is correct, you will get 58E-12 F, which is 58 pF, not the low value you mention.
The audio amp doesn't have much gain, and it won't be able to drive a speaker. You will need some very sensitive headphones to hear much of anything. A simple receiver like this won't have much selectivity, but that may actually be an advantage, if the sensitivity isn't all that hot.
Depending on the antenna you use, you probably want to connect it to the top of L1 through a small capacitor, like 100pF or even smaller still. This may help a bit with the low selectivity.