The amount of ripple is very hard to calculate, and usually dictated by the load being driven.
Charging a battery, nobody cares about ripple but power a microphone preamplifier and 50mV of ripple can be audible.
You can instead simulate using LTSpice but your transformer can have 30% regulation and is a great unknown. In other works, its voltage moves around and there is sine-wave distortion, so the math does poorly.
My rule of thumb 1,000-2,000uF per A for filter capacitors. Bigger is better, if it fits.
10uF capacitor on the ADJ pin increases LM317's ripple rejection, per the datasheet.
A 35V filter cap might be too low, as I said transformer will put out more than 24VAC under light loads. Consider a 50V part and the associated size.