A fuse (and especially a PTC resettable) is generally too slow to protect your circuit, but most definitions. Hopefully it will be enough to protect the device (eg your laptop) powering your circuit, or at least the environment around the two of them from the fire that might otherwise result.
(for instance, AFAIR, the PTC in the official Arduino boards was added because shorts on a protoboard were causing "unprotected" laptops to reset when the 5V voltage dropped.)