I don't know about that ground breaker thing and I'm too tired to think about it.
you could connect the D11 diode directly above the diode of the bridge rectifier (basically directly at the wire from the transformer. No sense in adding another diode in series to have two voltage drops until the power goes into that LM2596
The LM3596 is a switching regulator, it's used to convert 15v+ to 5v at some high current, no clue how much.
The +15v and -15v linear regulators are probably for low current, for opamps and other such uses, i guess maybe below 100mA on each.
If your transformer is not big enough (and because that winding is shared with the 15v linear regulator), the voltage of the input of that regulator IC may go down too much if you're not careful. To prevent that, I would also increase the 680uF 35v to something like 1000-1200uF 35v if it's not inconvenient and if there's room.
You may not need a bridge rectifier but it's space saving and simple to use .. for example :
http://uk.farnell.com/micro-commercial-components/mb110s-tp/bridge-rectifier-1a-100v/dp/1924377 (nice DIP package,easy to put on a prototyping board, you have AC inputs on one side and + / - on the other) or something like this :
http://uk.farnell.com/vishay/gsib1520-e3-45/bridge-rectifier-15a-200v/dp/9549684Alternatively, you could also build a bridge rectifier out of 4 diodes, and then you could do better by using diodes with smaller voltage drop than 0.7-1v you see on 1n4*** .. mabe use something like 1n5818 or other schottky diodes.