Aaaah, those so familiar Soviet parts.
The part numbering has a strict convention. The two letters in the chip or hybrid name designates a function of the chip. In you case, one chip has GG (K224GG2), it means and oscillator (generator) of some sort. Whereas the other chip has SA (K224CA3), which means this is nothing else than a comparator. And yes, those are the date codes, October'83.
The diode-looking thing is indeed a Zener diode, KC113. In the non-integrated semiconductor naming, there is also a strong naming convention: the first two letters mean it is a silicon (K) Zener (C), consumer grade, the last two digits mean the voltage, i.e. 1.3V.
An interesting thing about this S (looks like C in Cyrillic alphabet) in the Zener part name: it means "stabilitron", a Soviet term for Zener. Of course they did not want to credit some foreigner for inveting it, so a generic name was used instead. The same applies for the other named inventions, like the Darlington pair is just called a "compound transistor".
The transistor KT814 is also an absolute classic Soviet mid-power PNP. It was frequently used in a complemetary pair with KT815 NPN to drive a speaker in TVs or radios. In this naming, K is a silicon again, consumer grade, and T is transistor. The rest is just a model name.
K12 on resistors means 120 Ohms. 1K2 would mean 1.2 kOhms, 12K would mean 12 kOhms. Those thick 2-Watt (MLT-2) resistors have same construction as the regular 1/4W ones: ceramic pipe with a carbon film deposit, and the metal end caps which also support the whole thing mechanically.
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