In countries with snowy winters, the amount of sunlight arriving on the solar road
Yes, yes. I think you missed the drift (sorry!) of my comment. Assume the panel get no light at all. Nothing. Nada. It's still a snow melter.
A bit like the airport around this way. They have heated runways to keep them clear in inclement weather, but periodically they get such a fall that they have to close. Doesn't negate the benefit those times it does work.
In regards roadways, there has to be some thinking involved at some point. You don't need to keep twenty zillion miles of it ice-free: you can concentrate just on junctions and still reap a benefit.
In Australia, it only snows in the mountainous areas
Hey, maybe you could use them just for generating electricity threre! A novel thought, but...
Sometimes a jack of many trades, master of none, can be more useful than a tightly focused genius. However, let me think a moment... tell you what, you could have panels aimed more at heating in icy locations and drop that bit in the sunny locations. I don't recall anywhere they said you had to use the exact same component regardless of where in the world it's going.
And why do you say "less power than would otherwise be required"?
Skip to the first para above: we assume there is no light at all. It's pure heating. We also assume that some heating is better than none (remember, doesn't have to be perfect, just usable). OK, not it might be a surprise but on some days it won't actually be night, and there will be a leetle bit of electricity generated. Not a lot, but some. Feed that back to the heaters and wouldn't you agree that you are suddenly using
less external power than if you didn't?
The heating system is unlikely to be highly efficient
It's heating. The inefficient part of the energy is going to disappear as... well, I'm sure you don't need me to point it out. Feel free to correct me (yes, really) but ISTM the two questions are: 1. Is the heat going to go up or down, and 2. depending on insulating properties of the panel surface, how early do you need to turn it on to have the heat leak through in time to be useful?
Actually, that does raise another thing: could the heat from the daytime sun be used as well as light? being embedded in a huge heatsink, I'm sure you could arrange for a temperature gradient across them (even if that meant, say, a borehole of an inch across and a few m deep under each). Maybe, if that worked, you could do the reverse for the snowy locations.