Author Topic: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT  (Read 3730 times)

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Offline orneaTopic starter

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PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« on: November 04, 2016, 10:30:22 am »
I am hoping someone on the forum maybe  familiar (perhaps distantly familiar) with GAL/PAL equations for a flip flop.

I have sought help on a couple of other forums but so far no help.

I am relatively new to GALS (and PALS) and just recently successfully flashed my first GAL16V8A (sourced from the collection of components at the space) using an old EEPROM burner and PALASM as the compiler.

I am using it to trigger a data bus read for a given set of addresses.  I hacked the equations by looking at examples which seems to work well.

Now I am struggling to implement a flip flop which I think should be a trivial task.

The output (Z) is required to toggle every time there is an address match. i.e. every time X has a positive going edge.

So far I have this for the address matches

/X = /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*C*/B*A + ;Addr 225 [8A25]
    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*C*/B*/A +;Addr 224 [8A24]
    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*B*A  +;Addr 223 [8A23]
    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*B*/A  +;Addr 222 [8A22]
    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*/B*A +;Addr 221 [8A21]
    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*/B*/A ;Addr 220 [8A20]

y = /X;

which works well but the following fails to compile.

Z = /Z;
Z.clkf = X;

Hoping someone may be familiar and set me straight.

This is for a ESP8266 based project that captures the latest high score as it occurs from the data bus on an original 1980's galaga board set and update a webserver with date, high score and initials.

Initial results are promising.

More details are here https://hackaday.io/project/17936-galaga-meets-iot

PALASM Log below.

Justin

galaga.pds

PALASM4  PARSER   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5 (7-10-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992


                    ***********************************
                    *     PALASM PARSER LISTING       *
                    ***********************************

LINE #   |----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+
   1     |;PALASM Design Description
   2     |
   3     |;---------------------------------- Declaration Segment ------------
   4     |TITLE    GALAGA.PDS
   5     |PATTERN  A
   6     |REVISION 1.0
   7     |AUTHOR   J.RICHARDS
   8     |COMPANY  ORNEA
   9     |DATE     3 Nov 2016
  10     |
  11     |CHIP  DECODER  PALCE16V8 ;really a GAL16V8A but PALASM does know GALS
  12     |
  13     |;---------------------------------- PIN Declarations ---------------
  14     |PIN  2          A                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  15     |PIN  3          B                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  16     |PIN  4          C                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  17     |PIN  5          D                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  18     |PIN  6          E                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  19     |PIN  7          F                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  20     |PIN  8          G                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  21     |PIN  9          H                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  22     |PIN  10         GND                                            ; INPUT
  23     |PIN  12         I                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  24     |PIN  13         J                    COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  25     |PIN  14         X                    COMBINATORIAL             ; OUTPUT
  26     |PIN    15         WE                   COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT
  27     |PIN  16         CS                   COMBINATORIAL             ; INPUT 
  28     |PIN  17         Y                    COMBINATORIAL             ; OUTPUT   
  29     |PIN    18         Z                COMBINATORIAL           ; OUTPUT
  30     |PIN    19         CLK                             
  31     |PIN  20         VCC                                            ; INPUT
  32     |
  33     |;----------------------------------- Boolean Equation Segment ------
  34     |EQUATIONS
  35     |
  36     |/X = /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*C*/B*A + ;Addr 225 [8A25]
  37     |    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*C*/B*/A +;Addr 224 [8A24]
  38     |    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*B*A  +;Addr 223 [8A23]
  39     |    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*B*/A  +;Addr 222 [8A22]
  40     |    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*/B*A +;Addr 221 [8A21]
  41     |    /WE * /CS * J*/I*/H*/G*F*/E*/D*/C*/B*/A ;Addr 220 [8A20]
  42     |
  43     |Y = /X;
  44     |
  45     |Z = /Z;
  46     |Z.clkf = X;
  47     |
  48     |   
  49     |;-------------------------------------------------------------------

 %% PARSE %%    No errors.  No warnings.

 %% PARSE %%    File processed successfully.    File:  galaga.pds
PALASM4  BPP   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5 (7-10-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992

EQUATIONS SEGMENT
Processing equation for ====>/X
Processing equation for ====>Y
Processing equation for ====>Z
Processing equation for ====>Z.CLKF

 %%  BPP  %% Maximum memory allocated was: 22214 bytes.

 %%  BPP  %% File Processed Successfully.  File: galaga.pds.
 %%  BPP  %% ERROR count: 0  WARNING count: 0
PALASM4  EXPAND   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5 (7-10-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992

....

 %%  EXPAND  %% Maximum memory allocated was: 12216 bytes.

 %%  EXPAND  %% File Processed Successfully.  File: galaga.pds.
 %%  EXPAND  %% ERROR count: 0  WARNING count: 0
PALASM4  BPP   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5 (7-10-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992

EQUATIONS SEGMENT
Processing equation for ====>/X
Processing equation for ====>Y
Processing equation for ====>Z
Processing equation for ====>Z.CLKF

 %%  BPP  %% Maximum memory allocated was: 22214 bytes.

 %%  BPP  %% File Processed Successfully.  File: galaga.pds.
 %%  BPP  %% ERROR count: 0  WARNING count: 0
PALASM4  MINIMIZE   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5 (7-10-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992

....


|> WARNING L1810  Gate splitting not supported for device PAL16V8.
                    Ignoring  -p option.
Processing equation ====> Z                   MINIMIZE_ON  (1 pt ---> 1 pt)
Processing equation ====> Z.CLKF              MINIMIZE_ON  (1 pt ---> 1 pt)
|> WARNING L1810  Gate splitting not supported for device PAL16V8.
                    Ignoring  -p option.
Processing equation ====> Y                   MINIMIZE_ON  (1 pt ---> 1 pt)
|> WARNING L1810  Gate splitting not supported for device PAL16V8.
                    Ignoring  -p option.
Processing equation ====> /X                  MINIMIZE_ON  (4 pt ---> 2 pt)

 %%  MINIMIZE  %% Maximum memory allocated was: 13266 bytes.

 %%  MINIMIZE  %% File Processed Successfully.  File: galaga.pds.
 %%  MINIMIZE  %% ERROR count: 0  WARNING count: 3

PALASM4  PAL ASSEMBLER   - MARKET RELEASE 1.5a (8-20-92)
 (C) - COPYRIGHT ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC., 1992

FILE  galaga.pds
TITLE  GALAGA.PDS
Equation being processed for output ==>> Z.CLKF
|> ERROR X3300
     Wrong clock pin X was used for Z.CLKF.
Equation being processed for output ==>> /X
Equation being processed for output ==>>  Y
Equation being processed for output ==>>  Z
The fuse plot is stored in ===>galaga.XPT
Did not produce JEDEC output.

 %%  PAL ASSEMBLER  %% Maximum memory allocated was: 12672 bytes.

 %%  PAL ASSEMBLER  %% File Processing Terminated.  File: galaga.pds.
 %%  PAL ASSEMBLER  %% ERROR count: 1  WARNING count: 0
« Last Edit: November 04, 2016, 10:32:16 am by ornea »
 

Offline stj

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #1 on: November 04, 2016, 11:52:17 am »
Z = /Z ???

how can a pin be an inverted version of itself??
 

Online Andy Watson

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #2 on: November 04, 2016, 01:06:23 pm »
You need to make the output "registered" (IIRC).  I think this requires a colon in the equation, like Z : = !Z
 

Offline orneaTopic starter

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #3 on: November 04, 2016, 02:45:02 pm »
I have tried various combinations of registered and combinatorial, with and without the ":" and switching around the pins to no avail.  :(

For something I originally thought was trivial ...
 

Offline Kalvin

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #4 on: November 04, 2016, 03:13:14 pm »
Are you sure that you can generate on-chip clock signal? Typically the small PAL/GAL-chips can use only the external clock signal which will be global clock for all registered outputs..
 
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Online Andy Watson

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #5 on: November 04, 2016, 03:40:31 pm »
Typically the small PAL/GAL-chips can use only the external clock signal which will be global clock for all registered outputs..
I think that's right. The datasheet shows that the clock is hardwired to pin 1.
 
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Offline orneaTopic starter

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #6 on: November 04, 2016, 04:04:25 pm »
Thanks for the info regarding clock inputs.  I think you have put me on the right track.  I have been struggling to follow the manuals and have re-read info regarding Combinatorial and Registered inputs and just hoped that it would become clear as I program and experiment.

I assumed there may be some trick to use an output as a clock source, but perhaps not.  I will experiment with PIN 1 as clock, hard wire X output to pin 1 etc.

Thanks again

 

Offline Kalvin

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #7 on: November 04, 2016, 04:09:33 pm »
I assumed there may be some trick to use an output as a clock source, but perhaps not.  I will experiment with PIN 1 as clock, hard wire X output to pin 1 etc.

Hopefully the X output doesn't have glitches when the input terms (product and sum terms) of the X change. Just check with the scope that you get clean X output. If you get glitches, you should consider a proper synchronous design.
 

Offline Bruce Abbott

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #8 on: November 04, 2016, 09:55:01 pm »
I assumed there may be some trick to use an output as a clock source, but perhaps not.  I will experiment with PIN 1 as clock, hard wire X output to pin 1 etc.
If your code references a register then the chip should be in 'registered' mode with all registers clocked from pin 1 (which in this mode is connected only to the register clock inputs and cannot be used in logic equations). Pin 11 is dedicated to register output enable. All other pins can be used for combinatorial I/O.

Quote
The output (Z) is required to toggle every time there is an address match. i.e. every time X has a positive going edge.
 
Toggling a register is simply a matter of feeding its /Q output into the D input (just like you would with a regular D flip-flop), like this:-

Z.d = /Z;

Note: 'Z' is the name of the register's output pin, and Z.d is its D input.
 
 

Offline orneaTopic starter

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #9 on: November 06, 2016, 08:19:02 am »
I can now achieve what I set out to do with the GAL which is to generate a latch pulse when the range of addresses are matched and toggle a pin on each match so I can distinguish between subsequent writes.  However, I have not been able to make use of the internal D type flip flop.  Not required but I am curious.


I have experimented with a variety of part types in the PDS file but whenever it tries to compile the following

Z.D = /Z or Z.D :=/Z

it throws

38     |Z.D := /Z;

  ERROR ---^ (L38/C2)

|> ERROR P57  Illegal symbol .D detected.

Finally had success with

Z.CLKF = CLK

but just cant get

Z.D = /Z

to compile.

I am reasonably certain that the part as specified in the following line does support the D flip -flop  feature

CHIP  exmachina PAL16V8;

I am also at a loss to tell PALASM that REGISTERED mode is desired.  The instructions say that when creating a new design, F2 should give you all the options but I do not get that dialog box.  So I figured there must be a way to manually describe that in the PDS file.  But alas without examples I am at a loss.  I have been considering that  configuring  a pin as  registered should be sufficient but I am not certain.

It seems there are very few examples out there that include using Flip-Flops, so again if any one can set me straight, it would be most welcome.

Justin


« Last Edit: November 06, 2016, 08:26:49 am by ornea »
 

Offline Bruce Abbott

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #10 on: November 06, 2016, 10:41:46 am »
Sorry I am not familiar with PALASM (assumed it used similar syntax to WinCUPL).

I think you have to do the following:-

1. Set output pin to registered mode 

Code: [Select]
PIN    18         Z           REGISTERED   
2. route signal to D input with ':='   

Code: [Select]
Z := /Z
 
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Offline orneaTopic starter

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Re: PALS and GALS and flip flops ... Galaga meets IoT
« Reply #11 on: November 06, 2016, 12:18:00 pm »
Bruce,

thank you kindly.  I think you have solved the riddle for me.


Cheers Justin
 


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