The basics are covered in the post above, but if you've got a bandwidth limit on the input circuitry, you can also put some low pass filtering on your input amplifier stages, not necessarily just passive filters before the amplifier stage - since your switching frequency is high and the sensor bandwidth is much lower, this can get rid of anything radiated from the switcher or anything picked up on the input lines as well. A bead on the switcher input with a cap, the switcher module, the output cap (and I would go towards the upper end of the capacitive load the switcher is rated for), and then a secondary regulation stage to get your final voltage, with another reservoir cap is probably going to give you good rejection. You can also use those same LC filters you're trying on the input lines on the main power rail after the switcher - it's common for sensitive devices to have a final ferrite bead or inductor with a cap right before the bypass for the chip power pins for that extra little bit of power supply noise rejection.
Also, if you're actually transmitting back in digital, you probably want to look into separate power supplies (a second LDO for the digital section) and ground planes for the digital transmission section and the analog amplification and digitizing section. If you've got this sort of a mixed domain design, I always point towards ADC manufacturer app notes, because there are well documented ways of reducing noise and designing well available specifically regarding ADC layout.