USB is a digital serial interface, it does not contain 'some sort of video signal' by itself.
Likely it will present itself as a camera to the USB host it is connected to.
If that host is programmed to recognize a cameradevice then it could use the videodata sent from the camera.
Note that I mentioned 'USB host', this is a specific role within the USB scheme.
Normally peripherals (such as a camera or gps) will take the role of 'device'.
Unless they have a female USB A port (as on your PC) or they are advertised as having host or OTG capability you likely cannot plug the camera into the garmin gps and expect it to work.
And you'd have to reprogram the garmin as well.
But if you're up to that challenge and don't mind voiding the garmin's warranty then you could probably put a microcontroller in between the endoscope and the garmin.
To find out _where_ you could connect things on the garmin you would have to see what is inside and then study the datasheets for the relevant processor/controller.
It may have some free gpio/serial/i2c/etc ports.