If you connected a device with a 120VAC transformer to 220VAC the output voltage on the secondary windings of the transformer would be doubled and there probably would be power supply components damaged by the higher voltage surge before the fuse blew. The momentary high voltage would probably not be enough to cause arcing and shorts between turns in the primary winding of the transformer. I would suspect a problem with the transformer last but to check it I would disconnect all the secondary windings, power the transformer from the correct voltage, and measure the A.C. secondary voltages to see if they agree with those listed on the rating label.
I suspect you’d find the transformer was still o.k.. If both secondary voltages read low then there would be shorted turns on the primary and besides the lower voltages on the secondary windings, the transformer will overheat and be worthless. I think that unwinding the transformer like you’ve started to do will cause more problems and you’re likely to cause problems on what could be a good transformer. I’d be looking at what the secondary windings were connected to for damaged components.