Sure!
Put down N turns, to measure A_L.
Measure it however you like: RLC meter, set up a resonant circuit and ring it out, GDO, etc.
A_L = L / N^2
Ferrites will typically be well over 0.2 uH/t^2, and powder will be less.
Ferrites are useful for ferrite beads, pulse transformers, gate drive transformers, power transformers, etc. Ferrites don't store much energy, which is just what you need for transformer action (an ideal transformer has infinite magnetizing inductance --> zero energy storage).
As for IDing powder type when it's not a Micrometals color, who knows? I've seen Kool-mu in black, and I think blue (or was that a different powder type?). I think I've seen MPP in gray. To some extent, you can identify the material based on mu(freq), i.e. test at several frequencies and see. Also see if you can measure Q or AC resistance.
Which, is the best option of all -- if you can simply measure it at the frequency of interest, there you go. Q too low? It's wrong for the application.
Can also do pulse saturation test, to see how much magnetization it takes. Typically, high mu powders (#26, 52, and the denser grades of Kool-mu, MPP, etc.) are fairly easy to saturate (~100At), medium mu is harder to saturate (e.g., #8 around 200-400At), and low mu is hard to saturate (#2 over 600At, it's hard to get enough wire on the core to even see it before DCR limits current!).
Tim