Hello,
my curious me again, investigating topics I probably shouldn't: This time AM modulator.
My friend, who likes to dig deep into old tube receivers, came to me with a question whether I knew how to generate a signal in between 100kHz up to some 20MHz or so, to test and tune those old beauties.
The obvious answer was to use for example a DDS for this, such as AD9834 (cheap 75MHz 10bit DDS). But then a question came, how to amplitude modulate the output?
Suppose I want to make such amplitude modulator, capable of working from 100kHz up to 30MHz (to cover LW up to the end of SW band). After spending some time with google and discarding all obviously foolish circuits, I have found this one, looking rather promising.
The differential approach through a transformer should have large rejection of the baseband signal at the output terminal. Well I, thought, let's have some fun building it. After messing a bit with the component values, it resulted in this:
The transformer is tri-filar wound 5mm toroidal core from N1 ferrite mix, 12 turns (a random number, that happened to fill the whole core circumference with those three 0.2mm wires). ADT1-6T from Minicircuits would be a rather nice fit here, however the price is just nuts (and I do not have any, after all).
So after building the circuit, I tested its performance. And become quickly disappointed.
First, the gain seemed lower than expected, well until I have found it is driven well in its saturation region, also producing nasty distorted output. I needed to keep input signal like 50dBm or below to have reasonably clean output. Then it was able to produce gain of about 16-17dB, which seems good, but the P1dB point just absolutely horribly low.
I then thought, that this is just the property of the differential pair - it has to be driven with very low signal level, large distortion is produced otherwise. So okay, lesson learned there.
Second, the bandwidth. The circuit, as built, seemed it would not have much trouble working at up to some good tens MHz, even 100MHz - even with those plain simple BC847B I happen to have on hand. The gain decayed quite slowly, so these are probably good enough for those 30MHz. However at the low end of the band, say below 2MHz, a second and a third harmonic quickly appears at the output. I am not sure, but the transformer may be at fault? Probably core saturating? Uh, huh? Otherwise I can not explain this.
Third - the modulation. I tried modulating the output, however guessing above 30% of modulation depth, distortion is starting to come up quickly and I saw a lot of harmonics of the modulation signal. I could not get any decent output above like 50% or so of the modulation depth. I haven't bothered to measure that accurately, it was obvious that is not enough.
So now the question is, how can the circuit be made better? Or should I use a completely different approach to it?
I would like to achieve at least 0 dBm P1dB, 0.1 - 30 MHz operation and say up to 90% modulation depth. What can be done about it?
A better transformer would probably get rid of distortion at the low end.
Using larger bias current (the circuit was originally biased at 2mA, I then upped the supply voltage from 5V to 10V and modified the bias to 12mA) helped a bit to make the P1dB higher, but by not much.
Would using emitter degeneration of the differential pair reduce distortion (increase P1dB)?
What other modifications or circuit solutions would get me to my goal?