ElectricChicken,
In the top circuit of your reply #9, the R2 and C2 form the most common low pass filter. I don't know what the frequency response is for the parallel R1 and C1 configuration.
Don't think of it as a low pass circuit if it is confusing, take my other list of explanations as to what each item does. It's funnier too, but still perfectly correct.
I'm not really making things based on frequency response, not even calculating. C2 is a small cap, put there really because people like small caps next to chips to decouple, but that's a long story. It's just a little cap, not worth worrying what it does to the rest of the circuit. It is mean to make the 555 happy.
r2 belongs to ZD1. If the supply is 12volts and the zener is 5v then the 7 volts needs something to drop across, and r2 is it. It supplies just enough current for the 555 and a little extra to let the zener regulate properly, maybe 1/4 of the zener's rated current is ok I guess. anything from it's rated current to zero is ok, but 1/4 gives least problems when the circuit is rattlin'
r2 belongs to 7805 and 7809, they unload the regulator so it doesn't work so hard. You can replace it with a link of wire, if the 7805 can handle all the power dissipation. Otherwise it just gives the 7805 about 7 volts to play with. A 7809 would be given 11 volts to play with. 7812 is given a wire link and the full car voltage.
R1 is optional, leave it out. Maybe it's just to discharge C1 over time ? it's just not needed.
c1 is just a battery for the whole circuit. It stores power because ignition switches are dirty, as you rotate the key, there is a lot of noise in the 12v line. c1 probably keeps power running to the circuit for a few seconds after the ignition is off. It depends what cap you find in your junk box. Just a large one with 25v or more written on it's side.