The feedback circuit looks something like this
(Attachment Link)
Hello again,
Ok that is one of the circuits similar to those used in modern regulated wall warts. The voltage regulation should be checked over the required ambient temperature range.
One of the key points about these circuits centers on the opto isolator. It's used to isolate the output from the input which is usually connected to the power line. That's to prevent a shock to ground from anyone touching one of the output leads including ground. What this means is that any added circuit also has to be isolated. That makes it harder to use an op amp which may be an overkill anyway for current limit for charging batteries of any type. The key point about Li-ion cells is that the current can vary but the max voltage has to be carefully limited to around 4.20 volts for most cells although there are others that go up higher. This is an important point though, the voltage cant go any higher than that, or at least shouldnt.
The simplest possible solution to a current limit suitable for charging cells is shown in the attachment. I doubt you can get any simpler than that and still maintain the required isolation.
The current is set with that larger resistor RCL and that would be a power resistor. Since the internal LED to most opto isolators has a forward voltage of about 1.2 volts (check that though) that means that if you use a 1.2 Ohm power resistor the current would be limited to 1 amp. That's good for most cells but you should check that too some are just 700ma max. To limit current to just 0.5 amps you would use a resistor of 2.4 Ohms. To go to 2 amps (really have to check the data sheet on the cells though first) you would use a resistor of value 0.6 Ohms.
Those values are approximate because the internal LED voltage may be a little higher or even lower.
The resistor also has to be rated for the power level. With 1 amp through a 1.2 Ohm resistor the power is 1.2 watts and you should use a value at least twice that to keep the temperature lower. That would mean a resistor rated for 2.4 watts min or just throw a 3 to 5 watt resistor at it. 5 watt would be great.
Now because we are using a power resistor, that means it will be harder to adjust. If you only need one current level output though this is not a problem, and if you need several fixed levels you can use several resistors and switch them in as needed with a set of switches, one for each resistor except the lowest current set resistor which can be soldered in directly, and there should be that one resistor soldered in because if it goes open the LED will blow out and there goes the current limit.
I mentioned using an op amp and that would be more difficult because there is no power supply for the output due to the isolation requirement. You could add a power supply if you want as long as it is isolated.
Op amp circuits are a little more tricky too because they have unusual responses that often require compensation when used in a feedback loop.
In any case, you should test the circuit carefully no matter what you use.
Oh BTW a little theory...
The current limit opto has its output in parallel to the original opto. That makes up an opto isolated "OR" gate. Either opto LED conducting will cause the output to fall. That means the current loop takes over when the current is too high, and the voltage loop controls the output when there is less current.
The accuracy of the current setting is subject to the opto internal LED forward voltage which can change with ambient temperature so if this was going to be used for something that needed very accurate and stable current set then it may not be good enough. For charging cells it should be fine.
One other thing to mention though is that i read your first post again and i see that maybe you are charging 7 cells in series. To do that you should be sure to have protected cells or else one or more could overcharge and cause big problems such as fire. That's a very important point of course.