Ah, adapter probably has a few hundred uF capacitance in it, making a pretty low impedance.
During inrush, your inductor will saturate pretty quickly, bringing the total inductance down to a few uH (the cable will be a significant part of the total here, in fact). We can write the resonant impedance Zo = sqrt(L/C), taking C as the series total, which, eh, might as well assume just the ceramic caps for simplicity, but the total will be slightly less due to the adapter not having infinite capacitance.
That gives Zo somewhat less than an ohm. But the capacitors have very low ESR (maybe 10mohm), so the Q can be large, and the peak resonant voltage will nearly equal the supply, i.e., 12V on top of 12V, for a voltage peak of 24V.
Which should still be fine compared to the regulator's 30V rating, but there's one more catch.
The ceramic caps are probably dropping in value under bias. Check their datasheet, if they have a C(V) curve. As C drops, the voltage rises that much faster, and the peak can be several times the supply voltage.
Simplest cure: probably just put a SMAJ15A (or any from 12 to 20V should do) from GND to regulator VIN. Or P6KE or any other TVS of comparable rating. This will clamp the overshoot.
No need to use so many input caps, and don't do goofy stuff like using PCB traces for resistance -- copper has much more inductance than resistance (in most geometries), and the resistance has a terrible tempco besides. Use a real resistor, or a capacitor with internal resistance (tantalum or electrolytic; preferably NOT tantalum as they are wont to ignite in this position
).
Or, simply using a bulkier, lossier electrolytic in parallel with the ceramic. When ESR ~= sqrt(L/C), the inrush is dampened, reducing overshoot. You can still use the TVS for added protection, but you can likely get away with just one or the other.
Did you see that the regulator recommends 47uF output, by the way? 1uF isn't nearly enough. But if there's more stuff attached, I have no idea.
Tim