You can buy DC-DC converters that are already built, or salvage them from "Minty Boost" devices.
If you want to incorporate one into your own pcb, you could of course design your own. Or you can buy pre-built DC converters that come on a tiny footprint of PCB, and there are pads that you have to oven mount to your own PCB. Or you can choose from hundreds of dedicated IC's to drive a DC boost converter, providing your own pcb layout and components to finish the circuit, minimally needing an inductor, rectifier diode, input/output caps, and the feedback resistors.
I doubt you can find room to fit a DC converter into a modern smart phone, though. So unless you are ok with gluing it to the outside of the phone, I think you might be disappointed.
Take a look at some of the IC's available. If you look at the datasheet, you will find out the parts you need. If you were going to build your own from scratch, you would minimally need the same parts plus a FET to switch, plus say a microcontroller with a comparator or ADC to get feedback and to control the switching?
http://www.mouser.com/Semiconductors/Integrated-Circuits-ICs/Power-Management-ICs/Voltage-Regulators-Switching-Regulators/_/N-6j76f?P=1z0vndw&Ns=Pricing|0