Best way to learn about / identify "standard" jellybean parts?

[xrstf]

So I am watching a lot of Dave's videos and of course he has oodles and oodles of years of experience. It makes sense that he can look at a board, see a chip marking and can probably tell you within a good ballpark what the chip does.

However for me as a beginner (2y tinkering), it's somewhat hard to get a good grasp on the various chip series that get thrown around a lot. "Oh that's a 4000 series chip comparator", "Here's a XYZ123, that classic op-amp!", "it says 1N..., so it must be a diode" etc.

So far I managed to read up stuff on Wikipedia regarding "famous" (?) chip series like 74xx, 4000 series and think to know that "78xx" are linear voltage regulators. This is not only relevant to ICs, but also diodes, transistors etc. Is this just the kind of stuff you learn over the years or have I skipped some steps in the selfmade tinkerer playbook?

This then affects how I try to find parts for my projects. Even when I know "I need a shift register", I can search for it on my local electronics supplier, but will probably find some exotic chip no one ever heard of. And I might not even have any idea that there is a de-facto standard chip for this purpose that wouldn't necessarily tie me to a random exotic chip from a specific manufacturer.

So my question would be, is there some kind of overview or guide to common jellybean parts? The parts that will get you by in 90% of the cases unless you have some very specific requirements, basically. Any tips for searching on digikey/mouser besides "sort by supply", which is currently .... well, yeah. ^^ Should I just bookmark the Wikipedia pages for some series?

Sorry if this is kind of rambling, but sometimes I feel like I'm missing part of the "common vocabulary".

[magic]

Stuff you start to recognize by seeing it used a lot over and over again

There are occasional threads about jellybean parts, like below:
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/jellybean-hobbyist-general-purpose-transistors/
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/classic-chips/

For 74 series logic those lists are OK, but you will find that most of the part numbers are obsolete.

[Jwillis]

You can download free PDF's of "Encyclopedia Of Electronic Components  volume 1 ,2and 3 ". Or you can buy them , up to you . The three volumes show the most common electronic components , how they work and what can go wrong . Volume 2 has the 7400 series and 4000 series logic gates , flip flops , shift registers and what not .
Hope this helps.