SMPS can be either voltage (CV) or current (CC) source, or both (CC/CV). You need a current source. Most random cheap supplies are voltage sources, and even though they
could implement the constant-current mode as well (being CC/CV), they often implement a latching or "hickup" protection mode instead, meaning that while they can and
do limit the current just as you need them to, they only do it for very short bursts, and, depending on device, either perform these short bursts with low duty cycle, or turn off requiring a total restart. This is hard or almost impossible to "mod".
"Lab supplies" are CC/CV, but they tend to be a bit expensive for such a simple job.
LED power supplies are CC, and may work for your purpose - if you find one for a single low-voltage led. They may have protections for too low output voltage, however, so that they think the LEDs are shorted and turn off.
Adding a resistor after the voltage supply kind of works, and regulates the better the more voltage difference over the resistor. On the other hand, the efficiency is poorer, the more there is difference.
With 24V, 10A, and 0.5V electroplating output, you'll burn 23.5V @ 10A = 235W in the resistor, and 5W doing the actual electroplating! At 2% efficiency, this is a non-starter.
If you can find a very low voltage supply, like a high current 3.3V supply, you'll get the efficiency up to 10-20% range. Still a lot of heat to dissipate in the resistor, but possibly workable. You need a huge, fairly expensive resistor. You can sometimes make substitutions, like using large steel sheets, possibly submerged in water...
One practical solution to get you started, if you want to play with Chinese Ebay modules, is to try a CC/CV mode buck module from there. They do exist, pick one with an explicit current limit, meaning a separate potentiometer for current. You can use your 24V brick or similar (such as a 19V laptop power brick) as an input for such a module. Using a safe, existing mains supply makes life so much easier.
I mean something like this:
https://www.ebay.com/itm/DC-300W-20A-CC-CV-Constant-Current-Adjustable-Step-Down-Converter-Voltage-Buck/401342111666?hash=item5d71da9fb2:g:nscAAOSwSeVaL7gG , but do note that these tend to be of low quality, and with a minimum output voltage requirements around 0.8 or 1.2V, they may
still need a bit of resistance in the output to work in electroplating. In any case, such step-down (buck) module multiplies the current manyfolds and easily offers >50% efficiency.