I have read through much of this and understand the OP's enthusiasm to just jump in head-first and get to the finish line. At 16 I was much smarter than I am now, or at least that is what I thought. I've since learned many answers to things I didn't even know were questions when I started.
I'm afraid that is where you find yourself and you have to reset your expectations if you want to be successful. About the only starting resource I had back then were some training manuals found at our local dump from "Cleveland Institute of Electronics". I had few other resources in the small town I am from but I think it was actually an advantage to learning. The WWW is vast and tends to make everything look simple to do. Electronics is far from simple.
Here is what I suggest (as have others)
Stop your project and learn basic electronics first. Start with the basic basics and go from there. Don't be in such a hurry. I understand it is not as fun but it is necessary if you have a hope to succeed (at anything!).
Does your school teach basic electronics or have a maker class or similar? Are there local resources where you can find a mentor to work with you a little?
Work on a couple of simple projects on breadboards maybe. You will need a cheap DMM to work with and batteries/power supplies. Start playing with resistors, capacitors, transistors (bipolar, fets) , 555 timer maybe? Don't bite off microcontrollers or other complex devices right from the start. Otherwise you might get very discouraged and quit.
Please take the advice you got here. Most was helpful some was a bit impatient but just the same there were nuggets to harvest even from those that were short with you.
Best of luck. Maybe study voltage, current, power, ohm's law and basic electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors, fuses...), start a thread on some of that if you need help.