Pictures would help. Sometimes there are more elegant fixes you can do depending on the construction.
As for standoffs, yes, of course you can get almost any ID, OD, length, and M/F threads you want in plastic, brass, or a range of other materials. Digi-Key's
Board Spacers and Standoffs section would give you some idea, or you could try some local shops. If you get plastic standoffs that are a bit too long, a few seconds with a piece of sandpaper would shave them down to size. Same goes for metal standoffs, though you'll probably want to break out the power sander and a coarser grit sandpaper to hog off material. More easily done if you attach the standoff to a scrap piece of material first, so you have something to hold on to. A bit of epoxy will bond them to the chassis.
With resin/epoxy, you can indeed fill the broken standoffs as you suggested. If you pour it and leave it sit well past its curing time, you can drill a smaller diameter hole in it and then send in a self-tapper similar to drilling plastic, and the screw can be removed normally later as long as the epoxy was cured when it went in. You can mix a bit of dye in with the epoxy to color match it to the original chassis, and if the whole thing is done with a bit of care, it will be hard to spot your fix on casual inspection.
Edit: Forgot to conclude, I'd certainly go with option A (using pre-fab standoffs) if possible, as it is less work and gives the cleanest result. B is good if you either don't have time to wait for parts or you're in the middle of nowhere with a drill, 2-part epoxy, and a broken bit of kit.