Yep, your right in your thoughts. It's called a 'PoweredUSB' (we're talking about the one on the left, coloured green).
Fairly rare for consumer kit, although some laptops (such as Dell Mobile Precision Workstations) had them (until a few years ago at least).
I understand the power (top part) can be 5, 12 or 24V, the bottom part ought to be standard USB 1.x or 2.x. PoweredUSB ports can accept a standard USB connector, you just plug it into the bottom (data) portion of the socket. There ought to be no issue with you providing the power separately to the device if you wish and using standard USB cables for the data.
Can't help on the right hand plug though.