The peripherals internal to the MCU will still work in the recommended range (check for clock speed limitations at lower voltages), but, of course, when you connect something to the I2C or the SPI the levels must be compatible.
For 1.8 V, this is not usually the case if the external peripheral is powered by 3.3 V.
Consider also that the maximum operating conditions state that Vpin must be at most Vdd+0.6 V.
This means that a MISO input for SPI or SCL/SDA with a 3.3 V pull up for I2C would be exceeding the maximum allowed input voltage.
As for the second question: the drive strength of (most) IO pins can be set by SW, USB lines lack this possibility.