Thank you EPAIII and others,
I thought I posted enough information, but looking back, there are details missing.
The motor being driven is a simple DC motor in a linear actuator with a limit switch to disable it when it reaches it's travel. Basically a straight DC motor. The system driving the motor is unknown, but I suspect that it's using a motor driver IC like a DRV8871 or similar. Motor speed is almost certainly not controlled, and even if it was, I'd expect PWM, not variable voltage. The linear actuator says 12-14v, but I'd bet that it gets whatever voltage the alternator is putting out, which is why I had a very wide input voltage. I've seen alternators up in the 15v range, but I should never see anything below 12v as that means the alternator isn't working.
One thing I was missing is that the forward voltage on the optoisolator is the voltage drop (like and LED, duh) not what voltage is expected which is why I originally had a zener diode and what I thought was a voltage divider to regulate the voltage to something more normalized.
Suppose I use a fairly common optoisolator like the MOCD213M (
https://rocelec.widen.net/view/pdf/lvwtxnrklh/ONSM-S-A0006351795-1.pdf?t.download=true&u=5oefqw) could the same resistor values work at 12v as 15v? If not, what is the best way to regulate this voltage?
I guess I could boil my question down to:
Given a straight DC circuit that reverses polarity and has a voltage range of 12-15v, is there a optoisolator that can work with that voltage range using a single resistor, or will I need other forms of regulation?