Or perhaps it depends on what will be connected to these inputs/outputs?
Let's talk about inputs only for a bit:
A large consideration to whether to use a pullup or a pulldown resistor and which way to connect the switch comes from the electrical characteristics of the input itself.
Much of the logic world has legacy back to the days of TTL logic. That logic, consisting of the 74XX and 74LSXX series stuff has a very lopsided input voltage characteristic. A TTL-like input recognizes a logic LOW only when the input is between 0V and 0.8V. Not a lot of room there. But the logic HIGH is recognized when the input is between 2.4V and 5V. Much bigger range.
A lot of uC/uP such as the Microchip ATMEGAXXXX and ATTINYXXX and a lot of PIC processors I/O as well as the older stuff are like this. So what do you do?
In a case like this, when the switch is closed the voltage at the terminal is very well defined. If it shorts to ground you can be damn sure that the voltage there is very close to 0V. When its open it will snap up to near VCC but there may be noise added on to it. So the safe thing to do to avoid noise-induced false readings is to wire the switch from the input to 0V and tie the resistor as a PULLUP to VCC.
If it were the other way around and the logical HIGH was narrower than the logical LOW then you might do it the other way 'round with the switch going to VCC and the resistor to 0V, but I don't think you'll find it that way.
For CMOS logic such as the 4XXX or 74HCXXX families then the input thresholds are evenly matched and you can safely do it either way.
On the subject of outputs:
An output pullup may be desirable to make sure that the output went higher than it may typically do due only to its technology. A TTL output can be made to go to 4.5V when high instead of its usual 2.4 or 3.0V.
Usually a pullup resistor on output is used only when the logic output has no on-silicon means to do so by itself, such as with open-collector or open-drain outputs. These types of outputs are used with WIRED-AND or WIRED-OR busses. You may want to google those terms.