Finding the "ADC" chip for a USB microphone project I have

[NazmiFR]

Hi everybody,
quick introduction first (I didn't find a section for introductions, sorry if I missed it):
Nazmi, a Frenchy obviously (I also have Turkish roots), 17., student in Biology/Geology and prepairing an ham Licence in a club where I learn the basics of electronics with the fellow members, I always liked electronics but started learning only back in 2013-2014 by ordering stuff on ebay and discussing with the people at the club, then I started making prototypes, first I drew on the PCBs myself with a marker and etched with HCl with little success and crappy boards, and now I use a solution of FeCl₃ I made with iron, HCl and H₂O₂ because Ferric chloride is hard to come by these days (the local electronic store closed back in 2011-2012, so I have to order every little component I need from China...). I love free and open stuff (culture, data, software, speech, and of course hardware), I use KiCAD to design my circuits on a Debian GNU/Linux machine, and I plan, once the few projects I have (not advanced stuff at all, I'm a newbie) will reach a correct level of development to release the design files in an open license so that they can be reused and enhanced. 

now let's go on the project I'm talking about, it's an amplified microphone using an electret capsule, I'm testing a schematic I found online to see what the really popular and cheap TL062 is capable of  the board is etched and I'm just missing a few resistors and a capacitor (I have the parts, I just need to see in the mess that is my lab where they are  ) so soon I'll be able to see the performances of the amplifier, now I'm thinking on the acquisition part. At first I planned on using a cheap USB sound card from China and now

I'm seeking an ADC to fit my need but I can't find a chip with a propper datasheet that explains how to use it and how to connect it (no pinouts nor explanations).

I also came across I²S using devices but I don't see how I could use them in my situation (the goal is to have the microphone recognised as a USB Sound card by the PC).

So if you have any chip recommandations or any help on how to figure out what I need, I would be really thankful 

PS: I know Cortex M0 chips like the STM32 from ST have ADCs and USB device capabilities (along with a lot of other things), do you know if it would be feasible ? (for someone with little experience in programming AVR chips using the Arduino language) to make them act as a USB soundcard (I would be very interested in learning both how to interface things with the ADCs from the chip and how USB works a bit more in depth so if I can learn stuff and make the project better by removing the need of an externa circuit at the same time, I'm happy ^^ )

Thanks for having read me and thanks in advance for any help 

here is the pic of the prototype (I didn't make the circuit nor the board design, I'll reorganise everything once I'm sure the circuit fits my needs and I know a solution for acquisition (cheap sound card or appropriate chip(s))