Time doesn't matter unless you write new data to the card. If new data end up written to the exact same location as a deleted file then you won't get the deleted file back, except for cases of extreme luck and extreme hardware hacking.
Formatting almost never actually overwrites data on a storage device, it just recreates the partition table and marks the rest of the disk empty for overwriting leaving most/all of the data intact.
This is true for a "quick" format. If you format using a camera, many of them will be happy to do a "low level" format which issues trim commands to the card and makes data almost unrecoverable.