It's just acetone which I always have on hand; Second, the glue will last twice as long before hardening in the bottle if stored in a refrigerator.
Are you sure your acetone is not wet? As with most catalyzed polymerizations, the amount of catalyst can affect the outcome. Too much can lead to chain shortening and a weaker polymer. It is possible the accerant you got had a small amount of "base" (Lewis) in acetone as a solvent to prevent having too much catalyst. Maybe it was just wet acetone sold at a huge profit? The accelerants I have used were not acetone based but did have an undefined solvent. It smelled similar to vanilla.
I just tried experiments with 1 and 2 drops of liquid CA into 3 ml aliquots of reagent acetone. It just dissolved in both cases. If the acetone was enough to set it off, whatever polymers it formed must have been pretty short and simply redissolved. One drop of water to each caused turbidity. Of course, the water could be precipitating the acetone-initiated polyers. It could also be initiating polymerization of unreacted CA.
If one had access to a drying chamber and appropriate vacuum apparatus, you could do the first step, then evaporate the acetone and test whether the residue was still reactive. This post:
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/102488/can-superglue-cyanoacrylite-be-thinned-with-acetone-and-still-harden suggests that acetone acts as a solvent not a catalyst..
I am inclined to agree with the statement on Stackexchange.
As for the discussion of bicarbonate, it doesn't take much to promote polymerization. While it is true an excess can be used as a filler, modelers will just rub difficult woods (e.g., spruce) with the powder and then wipe the visible amount off. That leaves enough to give a strong bond, e.g., cap strips on composite spars.