I wrote 'near new cars'. You are not getting the point though.
No, you aren't getting what I am saying. My car has been made in 2009, when you were claiming "that all this started in Germany in 2008/9". That means it wasn't "near new", it was new! And it has been also sporting a then brand new EURO 4 classification.
And even 4 years later in 2013
when I have bought it, there were
no restrictions on these diesels, only on old ones (EURO 1,2,3 - but that was applying to both gasoline and diesel engines) and no such diesel-specific restrictions were being planned. I am not sure what is so difficult to comprehend on that. I am not that stupid to buy a car where I know that I won't be allowed to drive it few years later anymore.
All I'm saying is that you could have foreseen that. Not by looking at rules which apply to your car at the time of purchase but looking at where governments are going and how much support there is from the public. It is pure risk assessment.
The governments were busy subsidizing diesel and VW (and others) were still busy pushing diesels as a more ecological alternatives to gasoline in 2013. Sorry, you are just wrong here. The big political push to ban diesels from cities came only after 2015 and the VW emission scandal. Then everyone suddenly woke up with the feeling that something has to be done and the pendulum swiftly moved to the other extreme.
Nope. Perfectly legal. I actually got compliments about the low amount of sooth that came out of the tailpipe at the annual inspection.
Perfectly legal as long as your country doesn't measure anything else except soot emissions on diesels (which used to be the case until 2015 too). Not the case anymore in many places and unauthorized tinkering with emissions-related equipment (EGR valve, catalysator, DPF filter, etc.), is a reason for instantly failing the check when discovered.