I can't be bothered reading the thing through, but I'm guessing the idea is that when connected to a computer, the charging is limited to 500mA or so; when connected to a "real" USB charger (which has its D- and D+ lines shorted), they'll charge at 1A or more.
So if you make a cable that passes through V+ and GND from the charger, and just short D- to D+ on the phone, and plug it into a computer with a strong +5V supply, it will genuinely double your charging speed or more. But it's a) completely breaking the USB spec, and b) the phone will only be charging as fast as it normally would with a normal phone charger with a normal cable.
Nevertheless, I have a cable just like this at home, my computer can take it and it's more convenient and power-efficient that using a dedicated charger. The important thing is, though, that (perhaps unlike the backers on this campaign,) I understand that it's no faster than just using a proper charger.
