I rarely give my phone number to web sites and stuff like that.... except for shipping, carriers often need a phone number.
I've also been getting increasing spam calls. Given who is suppoed to have my number, I can only assume that either carriers or the companies I've given my phone # for shipping reasons to have either sold, or at least leaked, my number.
I suspect a good fraction of these calls also actually come from your phone provider itself, either directly or sold to thid parties. While they should be the ones to protect your number at all costs IMO.
Fuckers.
My current mobile phone has a pretty good detection for suspected spam calls though, it puts them in spam 99% of the time with no false positive so far. But the way it works, it flags suspected spam calls (and SMS), but does not block them (for obvious reasons, it could be wrong), so you still receive them. You can blacklist phone numbers though, but spam calls keep rotating the originating number anyway, so it's a lost cause.
It's gotten so bad that a law has been passed lately for this - so far I'm not sure if it's purely national or on a EU level, I'll have to check. Basically it makes it illegal for companies to make unsollicited calls... not altogether, but just at certain hours (basically evening and night.) What it will trigger is 1/ unsollicited commercial calls will probably increase rather than decrease, but during work hours - yay, and 2/ spam will keep happening at all hours from companies/people that don't care about doing something illegal.