He is not irrational, he has changed his worldview if presented with well-thought talk.
The first thing to do, is listen to his (so-called) rational explanation.
For the moment, ignore facts (if any). Listen to the reasoning and argumentative structure.
If the reasoning is loaded with logical fallacies, then you will need to correct them before proceeding to facts.
Here's a starter list. It's not comprehensive, but still extremely useful to evaluate arguments.
1a. Hypothetical Syllogism (Conditional Reasoning)Structure:
If A, then B.
If B, then C.
Therefore, if A, then C.
Example:
If it rains, the ground will be wet.
If the ground is wet, the game will be canceled.
Therefore, if it rains, the game will be canceled.
1b. Hypothetical Syllogism (Fallacious Version)Structure:
If A, then B.
If C, then B.
Therefore, if A, then C. (Invalid)
Example:
If I drink coffee, I stay awake.
If I take a cold shower, I stay awake.
Therefore, if I drink coffee, I took a cold shower.
Why it's fallacious: The conclusion assumes equivalence where there’s none — just because two causes lead to the same effect doesn’t mean they’re related.
2a. Disjunctive SyllogismStructure:
Either A or B.
Not A.
Therefore, B.
Example:
Either we go out or stay in.
We're not going out.
Therefore, we stay in.
2b. Disjunctive Syllogism (Fallacious Version – False Dilemma)Structure:
Either A or B.
Not A.
Therefore, B.
Incorrect, when the options are not truly exhaustive.
Example:
You're either with us or against us.
You're not with us.
Therefore, you're against us.
Why it's fallacious: This assumes only two possible options when there could be others — a classic false dilemma.
3a. Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)Structure:
If A, then B.
A.
Therefore, B.
Example:
If I study, I will pass.
I studied.
Therefore, I will pass.
3b. Modus Ponens (Fallacious Version – Affirming the Consequent)Invalid Structure:
If A, then B.
B.
Therefore, A. (incorrect)
Example:
If it’s a dog, it has four legs.
This animal has four legs.
Therefore, it’s a dog.
Why it's fallacious: Many animals have four legs — having four legs doesn’t necessarily mean it’s a dog.
4a. Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent)Structure:
If A, then B.
Not B.
Therefore, not A.
Example:
If it’s a dog, it barks.
It doesn’t bark.
Therefore, it’s not a dog.
4b. Modus Tollens (Fallacious Version – Denying the Antecedent)Invalid Structure:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B. (incorrect)
Example:
If it is raining, the ground is wet.
It is not raining.
Therefore, the ground is not wet.
Why it's fallacious: The ground might be wet for other reasons — sprinklers, a spill, etc.
5a. Inductive ReasoningStructure:
Specific observations → General conclusion.
Example:
Every swan I’ve seen is white.
Therefore, all swans are probably white.
Note: Inductive reasoning leads to probable (not certain) conclusions.
5b. Inductive Reasoning (Fallacious Version – Hasty Generalization)Example:
I met two rude people from New York.
Therefore, all New Yorkers are rude. (incorrect)
Why it's fallacious: Drawing a broad conclusion from an unrepresentative or small sample is a hasty generalization.
6a. Abductive ReasoningStructure:
Inference to the best explanation.
Example:
The grass is wet.
It probably rained last night (best explanation).
Used in scientific reasoning and diagnostics.
6b. Abductive Reasoning (Fallacious Version – Ignoring Alternative Explanations)Example:
The grass is wet.
Therefore, it rained last night.
(But in reality, the sprinklers were on.) (incorrect)
Why it's fallacious: This is a faulty causal inference — jumping to the most convenient explanation without ruling out others.
7a. Analogical ReasoningStructure:
A is like B in many ways.
A has property P.
Therefore, B probably has property P.
Example:
The brain is like a computer.
A computer processes information.
Therefore, the brain probably processes information.
7b. Analogical Reasoning (Fallacious Version – False Analogy)Example:
A watch has gears and a designer.
The universe has parts and complexity.
Therefore, the universe has a designer. (incorrect)
Why it's fallacious: The analogy is weak — the universe and a watch are fundamentally different kinds of things. This is a false analogy.
Bear this in mind for now, we are not evaluating the facts at this stage, we are evaluating the logical reasoning. Correcting the logical reasoning can be as fraught as the conspiracy itself!