I know this is most likely a heresy, but get yourself a Digilent PMOD I2S2. It has a dumb I2S ADC and an equally dumb I2S DAC. Just send clocks and bits at them and signals happen. It is only line level, but perfect for testing this sort of stuff.
With one of these you can skip the complexity of using the processor to configure the onboard codec before it will even make a sound, and can focus on your DSP tasks.
Once you get that working then look at moving to using the onboard codec.
PM me - I have spare PCBs for a multiple 3.5mm stereo jacks to pin headers test jig that I think will be most helpful for your testing. Send me your email and you can see if it will be of use. Far, far better than cutting cables open.
Nothing sounds as bad as misaligned audio - full noise at 0db, So used a scope or a tiny powered speaker rather than earbuds for testing. Save your hearing for later....