The go-to mainstream port would be GZDoom (or a couple of relatives). Plenty configurable, everything's on the menus or you can use the Quake-style console to get technical. Supports software renderer, OpenGL (filtered textures, dynamic lighting, true perspective free look..), etc.
For a simpler ('more authentic'?) experience, consider PrBoom-plus, or maybe even Crispy Doom but it's not exactly high-def.
Binaries should be available for all major OSs.
Extract everything to a common folder (e.g. C:\DOOM) and it should Just Work(tm). GZDoom may pop up a game select dialog, but it probably won't be able to find any other IWAD files, and it should detect DOOM1.WAD as Shareware. The rest should auto-detect, or if you have multiple WADs in the folder, add the command line option "-iwad DOOM1.WAD" or whatever to specify.
DO copy that floppy! Or two, it looks like it was? Here's the shareware from the horse's mouth as it were:
https://www.doomworld.com/idgames/idstuff/doom/doom19sThere's also a complete free IWAD, FreeDoom. I think it's... mediocre, but it's certainly playable. All the graphics and maps are different of course, but the same entity names are used so it's compatible with most mods. An easy way in, to the thousands of PWADs out there, with basically just aesthetic differences compared to the intended experience.
As for Duke, that was...commercialized or something weird? Nevermind, I see
EDuke32 is, heh, not only still active but a new build was uploaded just a couple days ago, nice. For the 2D versions, it seems there's
ReDuke and
Rigel Engine, which may be of varying fidelity (original source was never released for them), and require original files of course.
Tim