Can you install libgl1-mesa-glx and libgl1-mesa-dri packages, and see if that fixes the issue? I don't think it does, but if you can install them painlessly and check, it would help.
The solution, I suspect, is to force Qt to not use GLX. I'll check if we can do that easily, without recompiling Qt.
Edit: Actually, if you can enable indirect GLX contexts on your local machine, that could also fix the issue. If your local machine (the one your display is physically connected to, not the remote machine running KAlgebraMobile) is also running Linux, then adding Option "IndirectGLX" "on" in a ServerFlags section in local /etc/X11/Xorg.conf (which might not even exist) should solve it. Otherwise, check the local X server options, to see if it supports indirect GLX contexts.
(If your local machine is running some Ubuntu derivative, and you have /usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-xserver-command.conf, just change the xserver-command line to xserver-command=X -core +iglx instead, i.e. add the +iglx parameter.)