Run
sudo sync
to ensure changes are written to the device, and
sudo partx --add /dev/sdX
to ensure the kernel knows about the partitions on that device. The latter may cause the partition(s) to be automounted, so before detaching the device, unmount the partitions either via your desktop (ejecting the drive), or by running
sudo umount /dev/sdX*
I followed your steps but forgot to do the above.
No harm done, I believe: Linux partition managers I know all do an fsync on the device (a more targeted sync), so the sync command is optional. And if you detached the drive, there was no reason for the Linux kernel to know about the partitions anyway. (The reason I included partx in the steps is that if one uses it, one does not need to detach and reattach the drive.) And because the modified partition didn't get automounted, there was no need to unmount anything.
Happy to see the drive booted in Windows, and is now working; thanks for the screenshot!