Most of the MCUs I've seen, have Full Speed PHY onboard, but not High Speed. The HS core is integrated and the ULPI interface has to be connected to an external PHY. YMMV, there's probably both available.
The desired bitrate would be adequate through MCU interfaces, though (maybe not QSPI, but a parallel port + DMA would seem like more than enough). Kind of an odd solution pairing that with an FPGA, but sometimes that's the way, I guess. It will run at least a few bucks extra -- not the cheapest solution in quantity.
The better way would be putting the ULPI controller inside the FPGA, which I'm sure is available, but yeah, probably harder to use.
Tim