Conceptually, "latency" is the same as "delay".
Also, both the clock distribution system (fig.1) and the inverter (fig.2) are asynchronous circuits. The fact that the clock is used to synchronize flip-flops does not make the clock itself synchronous. This is why it is important to equalize delays through the clock system (thereby minimizing skew). In contrast, flip-flops are synchronized by the clock, therefore there's no need to equalize delays through the combinatorial logic feeding the flip-flops - the combinatorial delays may vary wildly as long as the setup and hold requirements of the flip-flops are met.
"Latency" often refers to performance. Thus, you wouldn't refer to combinatorial delays as "latency" because the performance in RTL system is set by the clock. Even if your combinatorial logic settles extremely fast, you still need to wait for the clock to affect the receiving flip-flop. Therefore, in RTL systems, the latency is determined by the number of clock cycles between inputs and outputs. However, smaller combinatorial delays may let you run the clock faster, thus decreasing the overall latency.