Yes it's a 12V TVS so not that well adapted here. But note that regarding the highish capacitance (as it was mentioned earlier), it was unlikely the issue. The RP2040 is USB Full-Speed only and from the specs, you're allowed up to 100pF of capacitance on the data lines in FS (AFAIR) - actually you may sometimes see recommendations of adding some small capacitors on D+/D- for USB FS to limit EMI, although the series resistors should be enough for that purpose.
A very low capacitance is only required for USB HS and above.