To rule out it's an error with the adapter board(as you asked for experiences), is the ISP header connected correctly? Beep them to verify you got the right VCC/GND/PGC/PGD/MCLR pins, and check the PGC/PGD pairs.
PIC24 had a buggy PGC/PGD pair in some parts (as Dave explained in a video about his uCalc/uWatch project). I don't see it in the errata for the PIC32 though, so I suspect the ISP pins may not be wired correctly or at all. Maybe it's just there so you can solder wires on the pins to the right outer pads.
Or maybe there is a short on MCLR/PGC/PGD to GND/VCC?
2.5V on the Vcore pin is good. I've used cheap 10uF aluminum caps before on a dsPIC33 and it was fine. So if there is any 10uF cap there, I would expect it to work.