Depend how you mean, you can code a microcontroller to respond to commands from another microcontroller using a link between them (serial, spi, etc, or invert your own link).
You can even program one microcontroller to reprogram another microcontroller on demand.
There are quite a few ways of "running a Microcontroller off a Microcontroller"
You could even program one microcontroller to pretend to be a memory chip (with special features) and connect it up to the external memory interface of another microcontroller. (hehe that's a trippy idea)