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Where is the power for the logic chips? And what voltage are they running at?What's the voltage at the drain of the MOSFET and what voltage do you want to supply to the MCU?Note that the IRFZ44N is an N-channel MOSFET, so the gate has to be higher than the source which is the MCU positive supply in this case. You might have better luck using that MOSFET as a low-side switch -- i.e. use it to disconnect ground instead of the positive supply.
I've seen modern desktop motherboards use generic N-ch mosfets backwards, Source-drain, and switch them with 5 or 12V no problem , in series like the circuit above, to run a few chips, with LM358 circuits for the gates, responding to the logic
Swapping in a logic level MOSFET of the same channel polarity wont help much - it will reduce the voltage drop but not eliminate it.Your problem is you have attempted to use a N-MOSFET as a high side switch without driving the gate to well above the rail it is switching. Substitute a P-MOSFET, source to supply, drain to load, with a max. gate threshold voltage of less than half your supply voltage, and it should 'just work', though note that the gate level for power on will be inverted, i.e. low=On.However, your whole circuit is over-complex. If you've got a spare inverter left on U1, you can eliminate U2. See the two inverter toggle latch circuit presented by eblc1388 here: https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/help-on-how-to-choose-an-ic-for-a-project/