It's common to put some series resistance between the amp and the ADC, partly just for stability because the ADC is usually a modest capacitance, and prone to charge injection out the pins (which can upset the opamp, leading to slower settling, or offset).
You could put schottky diodes in, to clamp the signals within the ADC rails. You may want the feedback resistors to pick up after the series resistors then, so that the diodes' leakage and capacitance is corrected by the loop. Mind the phase margin because this is adding an RC element to the loop, of course!
Or you can put limiting before the amp, or as part of the amp using a video limiter amplifier. These are fairly uncommon, but they do exist (if not necessarily in the GBW you need here). The internal structure is several diffamp input stages tied at a common gain node, so that the main input operates most of the time, but the min and max inputs dominate (acting like a precision rectifier) when the gain node approaches the respective threshold. This has no integrator windup, it can be very fast.
If you opt for passive diode limiting (like diode clamps before the amp), mind that this will greatly affect the linearity (distortion, IMD, IM3, whatever), and possibly bandwidth and recovery (due to nonlinear capacitance, or recovery if applicable) of your system. This may be acceptable for some purposes, but probably not for everything, so, YMMV.
Tim