OP, what are you trying to achieve and, no, this isn't intended as a criticism? I'm trying to follow along with why you want a virtual breadboard when you have a real one.
Components 'fit' together when they make up a circuit but there are an awful lot of circuits that can be built with just a few components.
So, find a circuit that interests you and build it up. Were it me, I would be spending a LOT of time with w2aew's videos as he does almost everything on breadboards. There's a lot of really well done educational material on his site. Of course, this site has a lot of material as well. I like the Fundamental's Friday series.
Learning electronics is a pretty broad statement because the field is so wide. Are you interested in analog electronics? If so, you want to understand transistors and op amps. If you are interested in digital electronics, you might as well start out with an Arduino and use the breadboard for add-on components.
The normal progression is to start with resistors in series and parallel - Ohm's Law. Then networks of voltage sources and resistors - Kirchhoff's Laws followed by equivalent circuits (Norton and Thevenin). The next thing up will be an RC circuit viewed in terms of frequency response (measuring in the frequency domain) and step response (measuring in the time domain). These terms probably won't make any sense until you get to that point in circuit analysis.
Next up: inductors. These will be studied in the same manner as capacitors.
Finally, RLC circuits where everything is thrown in the box.
Around here, we usually get into AC circuit analysis. The math gets ugly so perhaps just skim the subject at first.
After that, it is time to take up active circuits (transistors and op amps).
There is a pretty good EE program over at Khan Academy. Search the site for Electrical Engineering.
I would recommend LTspice as a circuit simulator. It works really well and it's free! In fact, when you get to RC circuits, it may be quite helpful to simulate the circuit as well as building it.
At some point, you're going to need a signal source and a scope. Were I a student, I would be looking carefully at Digilent's Analog Discovery 2. It's a lab full of stuff in a single box. It's particularly useful in a breadboard environment. When I want to demonstrate something (like the frequency response of an RC circuit), I reach for the AD2 because I have no other tool that will produce a printed Bode' Plot. If I want to talk about the harmonic content of a square wave, the AD2 is the easiest way to get a large scale printed plot of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with annotations. There is simply nothing like the AD2 for students or beginners.
Yes, it's expensive, but so is a decent Arbitrary Waveform Generator and a decent Dual Channel Oscilloscope.